Louis XIV - The value of money - Cost of living - Costs of goods - Cost of food - Cost of saling slave

Cost of living 

The value of money in France under Louis XIII and Louis XIV and Louis XV

French Different currencies

Ecu Louis, Book Tournament  

1266 St. Louis (a penny to the ECU = 4.13 grams of fine gold, a book Tournaments = 8.271 gr gold end)

1385 Charles V (Crowned shield creates a = 22 and under 6 deniers = 4.08 grams of fine gold)
1419 Charles VI (created shield Helm = 5.59 grams of fine gold = under 30)
in 1473 Louis XI returns to the ECU (3.68 grams of fine gold = 28 in 4 denier)
1577 ECU (3.2 grams of fine gold = 60 cents)
1602 Henri IV restores the system book and money in Tournaments

        (ECU 3.2 grams of fine gold = 65 in)
1615 Louis XIII door shield 75 in
the 1641 monetary reform Louis replace the ECU and the ECU of money
(say Louis silver = 25 grams of pure silver = 60 under = 6.25 grams of fine gold)
1709 Louis XIV returns to the book Tournaments (1 pound = 0.38 gr tournaments of fine gold)
1720 Louis XV ( 1 pound tournaments = 0.31 gr of fine gold)
1785 Louis XVI (1 pound = 0.29 gr tournaments fine gold 1 Pound = 4.45 grams of pure silver)

        Pound, Franc: 18 Germinal An III (04/07/1795)
        The Franc replaces the Book (1 franc = 1 Book 3 Deniers = 4.5 grams of pure silver)
1803 (17 Germinal Year XI) Double standard
1 franc = 4.5 grams of pure silver = 290.3225 mg of fine gold
1 US dollar = 5.182 franc; 1 pound sterling = 25.221 franc

value of the French Franc 1830-1990

is a 1803 franc = 15.72 ~ f1999
~ =is 1830 16.81 1999 1850 f ~ = 18.75 is f ~ = 1999 1860 is 15.23 1999f
1900is f = 18.04 1999 19.94 1910 is f = 1999 is 1914 = 17.28 1999f
1915is f = 14.40 = 4.89 is 1999 1920 1999 1930 is f = 3.08 f 1999
1940 is f = 2.05 = 0.14 is 1999 1950 1999 1959 is f = 0.085 f1999
= 7.90 is1960 1999 1970 is f = 5.49 f = 2.14 is 1999 1980 1999f
1990 is= 1 16 f 1999

Value for money 5 May 2010

US $ 1.00 is .7842 Euros

 

Elements on the value of things before the revolution

The will of the Marquis Louis de Fontanges Chambon April 14, 1785

 

Marie-Angélique Fontanges conduct to the Court of Versailles in 1676 became the favorite of Louis XIV. Filled with favors and presents, the King made ​​the Duchess with a yearly pension of one hundred thousand pounds (~ 2.5 million francs in 1999). She died in 1681 at the court, she was not twenty years, leaving a substantial fortune to his family, the Marquis Louis de Fontanges was one of his descendants. He was déchut his rights when the abolition of privileges, Chambon his castle was burned in 1793. He died shortly thereafter.

Highlights of his will

 

• Gives his wife Baroness Layac 150 pounds (2830 f 1999) for it to be told every day during the year of his death Masses for the repose of his soul by such priest he pleases.

Louis of Gold

• Gives each of his legitimate children: Jean Antoine his younger son, Juliette his eldest daughter, Helen Louise's youngest daughter. The sum of twenty thousand Pounds (377000 f 1999).

• Gives his wife in case she is pregnant at death of one or two children the sum of twenty thousand pounds per child payable at posthume.- gives his wife her life the legitimate enjoyment of the income from his land and his barony Fluviat worth eleven hundred pounds per year (20735 f 1999).

- Give and bequeath to his goddaughter and Jeanne Bourzeix servant to this castle its food and service throughout his life both in health and disease during the time it will be able to work and will remain alive as wages it is paid (crumbs)Note.

Author's  the book of time is equal to 18.85 f 1999. The fees charged by the notary (Jean-Baptiste Monanges) are 224 + pounds for the same amountrecording

Testamentof Jean-Baptiste Monanges addition notary named 1783 gives his wife Marie Dellestable 150 pounds to give masses for the repose of his soul and give his niece (he has no heir) the sum 10 000 pounds (188 500 f 1999) to his death as well as income from his study1786.

of Leger Testament Monange daily to Chirac in  Chirac gives the pastor of 10 books say masses and gives his legitimate and only daughter Catherine 700 pounds (13 000 f 1999)

Costs of life under Louis XIV

 

• Price for rent includes house, barn, stable, garden, meadows, land and shepherds was 100 pounds per year and 6 pounds of butter and cheese and many six capons. (Ie 2800 1999 f)

• Purchase price of a package of buckwheat land, meadows and communal150 pounds

• Pricea ewe and her lamb 5 pounds, a cow and her calf 40 pounds (760 f 1999),

• A heifer and a bull 45 pounds

• fully equipped with a bed his bedside 10 pounds

- a dresser and a dresser with drawers and lock 15 pounds (280 f 1999)

The previous parts have been recorded on the deeds of the time, the elements currency are based on data provided by the communication department of the Bank of France.

Prices of food and convenience

 

                    Required by law for an individual to enter into a marriage

- Before 1792 (Canon Law): 12 years for women. 14 years for men1792.
- From Law of September 20,  13 years for women. 15 years for menXII.
- From Act 1 Germinal  15 years for women. . 18 years for men

- Age at which parental consent is no longer required
- Ordinance of Blois in 1579: 25 years for women. 30 years for men1792..
- From Law of September 20,  21 for two
- From Act 1 Germinal XII: 21 years for women. 25 years for men1907.
- From Law of 21 June  21 for two1974.
- Since Act of July 5,  18 for two.

 

Military service

 

1793 Permanent Requisition indefinitely

in 1802 5; conscription by lottery; authorized replacement

18186 years

18248 years

7 years1832

1855 7 years, no replacement, but possibility of exemption against CHF 2,500

1868 5 years for half of the quota (by lot) and six months for others. Authorized replacement

in 1872 and compulsory universal service 5 years,replacement deleted

3 years1889

19201 year

192318 months

18 months 19352 years

19451 year or 15 months

19461 year

195018 months maintenance under the flags up to 30 months Algeria during the war of

19592 years

196516 months

13 months 1969

197012 months

199110 months

2002 Disappearance of national service

 

Cost of living during the French Regime  

The value of money in France under Louis XIII and Louis XIV and Louis XV

French Different currencies at different times

ECU, Louis, Book Tournament  

1266 St. Louis (a penny to the ECU = 4 13 grams of fine gold = 8.271 a pound Tournaments grams of fine gold)

1385 Charles V (Crowned shield creates a = 22 and under 6 deniers = 4.08 grams of fine gold)
1419 Charles VI (creates the ECU Helm = 5.59 grams of fine gold = 30 in)
1473 Louis XI returns to the ECU (3.68 grams of fine gold = 28 in 4 denier)

1577 ECU (3.2 grams of gold end = 60 cents)
1602 Henri IV restores the Book-in tournaments and money system (ECU 3.2 grams of fine gold = 65 in)
1615 Louis XIII carries the shield 75 in
the 1641 monetary reform replaces Louis ECU and the ECU Silver
(Louis said money = 25 grams of pure silver = 60 under = 6.25 grams of fine gold)

1709 Louis XIV returns to the book Tournaments (1 pound tournaments = 0, 38 gr gold end)
1720 Louis XV (1 pound = 0.31 gr tournaments of fine gold)
1785 Louis XVI (1 pound = 0.29 gr tournaments fine gold 1 Pound = 4.45 g of pure silver)

Paper Franc: 18 Germinal An III (07/04/1795)
replaces the Frank Book (1 franc = 1 Book 3 Deniers = 4.5 grams of pure silver)

1803 (17 Germinal Year XI) Double standard
1 franc = 4.5 grams of pure silver = 290.3225 mg of fine gold
1 US dollar = 5.182 franc; 1 pound sterling = 25.221 franc

value of the French Franc 1830-1990

Value of a French franc in 1803 more or less equal value 15.72 F

1999French franc (FRF) was replaced with the Euro January 1, 1999

A EUR is equivalent to 6.55957 FRF 1999

Table of values ​​money Bank of Canada in 1999

for calculations

A French Franc in 1999 is $ 0.2416 = Can To purchase 1999 $ 1.00 = US $ 1.4858 Can or Can $ 1.00 worth US $ 0.67303 in 1999 to buy a Euro = 1.5847 US dollars in 1999Can or$ 1.00 Can $ 0.63103 worth Euro 1999 OZ OR =$ 272.00 US   OZ GOLDin 2012 = $ 1,800.00 US

equivalent of the 1830 book French Fran 1999

1830 is 16.81 ~ = f	~ = 1850 is18.75 f	1860 is~ f = 15.23
1900 = 18.04 isf	worth 1910f = 19.94	1914 = 17.28 is f
= 1915 is 14 40 f	= 1920 is 4.89 f	3.08 f = 1930 is
1940 is= 2.05 f	1950= 0.14 is f	= 0.085 in 1959 is f
= 1960 is 7.90 f	5.49 f = 1970 is	1980 is f = 2.14
in 1990 is f = 1.16

Value for money under Louis XIV (estimated) in 1709

1 pound = 1 franc = 20 under	3 pounds = 1 ECU	= 1 shilling 10 pounds
24 pounds = 1 louis Gold

One pound is equivalent to 1830 Euros in 2012.

A book is therefore40 euros	a shield120 euros	400 euros a pistol
Louis A gold 480 euros

Food

table of Louis XIV - but nottable farmers

a diningin poor hostel (bread, meat, beer = 5 in

A pair of wooden clogs = 4 in

Little House (1 fireplace, 2 doors, 2 windows)= 200 pounds

One pound= 14 pounds of sugar

a pound of beef = 5 under

Maintenance of a horse in a day = 20

A jug of wine of average quality near a liter = 4 under

a pound and a half of bread = 3in

valuea monetary slave

 

He collected 115 slaves valued price silver price is 27 American Indians and blacks 89 price, for a gross sum, a Native American is 412 French pounds in 1760 and 980 Black French books.

Laprise Panis was a slave

in most price valued in kind, such as purchased by Charles Boucher Labruère of 90 bushels of wheat in 1790 or this panisse sold in 1722 by the widow Destaillis Deneau said Joseph Lawrence Lefebvre 40 bushels of peas and a pig

                                                                                                                         

average income	Monthlyin pounds	Conversion Euros / month2012
=  companion 8-20 underper day	21.29	852euros / month
= 12 A worker winemakerper day under	18.25	730 euros / month
= 5 A soldier in a day more 2 pounds of bread, one pound of meat and a pint of wine atmarches	07.60	304 euros/ month
= An army sergeant under 10 per day plus food soldier	15.21	608 euros / month
A sub-lieutenant = 83.33 pounds / month	83.33	3333 euros / month
A commander = 250 pounds / month	250.00	10.0000euros / month
A chaplain in the service of a large house: £ 16.67 / month + plus board	16 67	667 euros / month
A check of a large house: 8.33 lb / month +the board	08.33	333 euros / month
A lackey of a large house = 8.33 lb / month +the pension	08.33	333 euros / month

If one considers that the "meal in a bad inn" is roughly equivalent to the basic grub brewery "10 euros put" we can give as value at dinner at the time of2 euro

New France

but New France the value of money and the cost of living were not the same as the motherland because he lacked money

Louis XIV - Lives of sailors and french settlers - Our ancestors ere on ships to New-France - Discories of Carabians Islands and Madagascar - Part 9

Lives of sailors and French settlers

Our ancestors were on ships to New France

Document

Unknown Mathurin Gabaret shipping in the Caribbean Sea

 

Taking advantage of the minority of Louis XIV and the regency of the Queen Mother Anne ofAustria,social groups revolted. They are supported in this by the foreign powers against France which is in open war (Spain) or not (England). The pinnacle is reached during the 1648-1652 years,  asperiod. known"La Fronde"These civil disturbances exacerbate the financial difficulties of the kingdom and have an impact on the navy. Some officers seek employment in other countries (Sweden for Duquesne, among Italians as the commander of Neuchèze States) or in other activities such as the war on land alongside the royalists or rebellious troops (Guillaume Alméras ). Other, there is the race war.

Queen Mother Anne of Austria

 

MathurinGabaret,naval officer of the king since 1621, is an owner like many of his colleagues (Abraham Duquesne, the Beaulieu, Nicolas Gargot, etc.). Deeds from the 1650s show the owner, in part or in full, merchant ships or fishing. It invests in various sectors, including the race.

So in early 1650, he seized two pipes of wine from Spain brought on bydecision NicolasGargot,naval rochelais race party on the ship Leopard  300 tons, with 34 guns and 250 men. This food has no doubt served to fueling the current arms. Indeed, Gabaret weapon in La Rochelle, the Phoenix, 30 350 tons of guns, which he financed a portion of armaments. At the beginning of the year, he owned half of the building, the other being Edward Gould, an Irish merchant. On November 8, he bought his share Gould and the next day, sharing weaponsthe withPhoenix PoitelChristmas.

 

Mathurin Gabaret not immediately hand in the race. He served in the fleet of the Duke of Vendome, grand master of navigation, which blocks the Gironde to Bordeaux to drop. The campaign ended, he returned to La Rochelle to refit the ship. This is done by Pierre Moreau, master carpenter at La Rochelle, for 450 livres, according to a contract signed on October 22 1650. The fairing is held during November, because we know that Mathurin Gabaret left port on 1 December 1650 . We do not know the composition of the crew or the exact number. However, we can estimate the size of the crew at 150 to 200 men. Among these, we find the son of Mathurin, Jean Gabaret then lieutenant, and Louis (son of Peter branch of Gabaret dOléron), teaches common practice at that time.

No report of this campaign does was found: surprisingly little. The documents have been lost for various reasons, perhaps especially, to hide the results of the campaign.

 

Indeed, in the years 1650-1657,  officers of thethe Admiralty Brouage and La Rochelle are not of great integrity. Nicolas Gargot said that during unloading the ship Nuestra Señora del Rosario and Santa Maria, it was stolen few ingots and other goods (19 marks of silver on the 20,000 that contained the vessels). But this is an exception Gargot encounter difficulties with the officers of the Admiralty, and he is not alone.

 

Various archival documents provide us with some thin material on this expedition race Gabaret Mathurin. We already have confirmation of this by a letter from Governor Du Lion who writes:

 

"You have enough relationships coasts of these countries. I had the honor to send you the memories, there are more than four years, which had been dictated to me by a browser that had a great stay there. Mr. Forant and M. Beaulieu, captains of the king's ships, sailed well in these waters there, and I think Mr. Gabaret father was there too.

"Partyof La Rochelle, Mathurin Gabaret travels in the Gulf Mexico: several Spanish ships were driven. The biggest catch is made ​​in the vicinity of Santa Marta (now Colombia): a ship is cornered and destroyed. The success that will take place, according to locals, the name Bay Gabaret. The way back is somewhat surprising. Instead of returning directly Gabaret makes a detour to Canada. Speaking of Cap room in Acadia, Nicolas Denys said, "by passing in 1651, I

met Mr. Gabaret captainfor the King in the Navy, which was wet and returned to racing in the Gulf of Mexico."

 

Why go through Canada to the risk of being intercepted off by theSpanish or English with whom relations are not excellent? Recall that La Rochelle was one of the main weapons to Canada ports. Gabaret had planned to eventually sell goods brought or captured (no mention of the decision in the archives of the Admiralty of Charentes) and import in France for furs and other colonial products.

Between the mention of Nicolas Denys in 1651 and the return of Gabaret evidenced by its presence at the port in October, 1652, we do not know what happened during the end of the campaign. It seems he has not taken his action alone but with the support of another privateer. I have no certainty about the identity of the privateer, but I think it was on this ship that Louis Gabaret (cousin ofMathurin)serve as lieutenant until 1657, when, on his return, it is The lieutenant of the ship commanded by Françoise Mathurin Gabaret. At that time, several French intersect in these seas as pirates or buccaneers. This is the case of Jerome Augustin de Beaulieu, another future naval officer.

The familyBeauli,had  Norman adoption early interest to the Navy. A native of Valenciennes, this family of merchant weaver swarms in the late 16th century to Normandy and obtained letters of naturalization. Coincidence or not, the Beaulieu are linked to other families and Brabant are doubtless advantage of people financially help the Beggars of the Sea. The Norman branch of Beaulieu gave several naval officers to the kings of France but also those of Spain a brother of Jerome Augustine died on the galleons of the Armada, another (Francis) and two uncles (Augustin and David) serve as officers under Louis XIII and LouisXIV,while the sister wife Marquis Ponce de Leon, general officer of Armada Real. The career of Jerome Augustine has a white over this period, except that in 1658 he received commission from the Duke of Vendome, grand master of navigation, racing to arm a frigate in New Holland. But according to the American archives It was already in 1657 in the Caribbean, and two years later (1659) with other foreign privateers. He will return in these seas in 1663-1664 and 1668-1669.

The North American seas are not the only qu'atteignent French privateers. Another expedition, even more mysterious, will take destination South America is that of the knight ofFontenaypublished.

Lamysterious "wing" of the knight Timoleon Hotman de Fontenay

The main source of this expedition is a story that has been  in a Tender Amys Old Dieppe before the Second World War. The author is unknown but it appears to be a Norman noble, a volunteer, who has knowledge of maritime affairs. Charles de La Roncière partially used this source. There is also a text Mixtures Colbert: "The relationship of Mr. Accarette trips in the Platte River and the earth in Peru and the comments he made."

 

Armand Charles de La Porte La Meilleraye

Firstly let us examine the main protagonists of this case. Start with the shipowners. They include a Gayen, a Parisian gentleman who invested £ 2000 and who died during the expedition during a brawl. There are others, but apart Gayen, we do not know the name of the other two and not least Chappelain Caesar and Charles Armand La Porte LaMeilleraye.The first Secretary General of the Navy from 1648 to October 31, 1658, the date of his dismissal (probably as a result of the failure of this expedition) and its replacement by Louis Matharel.

As for M. de La Meilleraye, cousin the late Cardinal Richelieu, his involvement in the navy is important at this time. After being temporarily appointed (1647) Lieutenant General ships and galleys, he finds himself some time later governor of the city of Nantes. He breathes a certain economic and architectural dynamismbenefit.

But The Meilleraye does not forget his personal  So between 1650 and1655,he weapon a squadron of four to five privateers under the command of Henry Danton Pontezière and protects Nicolas Gargot appetite Duke Daugnon. This pirate squadron made ​​several catches are not without impact on diplomatic relations with the United Provinces and the Hanseatic cities. As a loyal member of the family of Richelieu, he pursued a colonial policy. In October 1656, The Meilleraye sends a squadron of four ships under Louis La Roche Saint-André, to Madagascar.

 

Arrival in SierraLeone,he opened a sealed envelope where it is prescribed to take a detour by the Rio de la Plata, "the best country in the world" and where two large galleons loaded eight million dollars. But La Roche-Saint-André admits not knowing the route Buenos Aires; Rézimont and a captain who said that hand is not more educated. So he continues to Madagascar.This expedition, he will return in September 1657 only one ship in poor condition with less than 170 men.

Ile St-Christophe

According to The Roncière, which does not indicate its sources, The Meilleraye involved in arming the Wing KnightFontenay to SouthAmerica.However, we find that the ship returning from Madagascar called La Meautrice and this name appears in the fleet of 1658. The geographical distribution of owners shows a predominance Paris Normandy but probably because the weapons are made ​​in Le Havre . The choice of masters is not trivial, they are three: Daniel (Norman), Job Forant (Poitevin) and the expedition leader Timoleon Hotman de Fontenay (Le Parisien). We will focus mainly on the latter two.

 

Job Forant, son of Jacques naval officer, began his career as an officer in the Dutch Navy. Until historians (Jal, and Taillemite Laid-Franceschi) recalled that he had served in this country, but without providing evidence, taking a note placed in his file (National Archives, Colonial C7). Jacques, the father of Job, is reported for reduced catches in the port of Flushing in the 1630s it is also in the fleet of Admiral Tromp during the blockade ofDunkirk.Job there is and was later a captain in the squadron of De Witt Witte brings reinforcements in Brazil in 1646-1648. But he appears to have made ​​a certain number of misdeeds during the campaign (more or less greedy smarter than other officers) and he was forced to desert the Dutch fleet.

Ifaty Beach Madagascar

It is found in the early 1650s to Dunkirk where it acts as a privateer and commits another odd attacking a ship "diplomatic" Dutch, causing serious injury to AdmiralBanckert.These actions are not without impacts on shipping comes. He was chosen because he knows the coast of South America.

 

In my opinion, the initiator of this expedition is Timoleon Hotman deFontenay.Knight of the Order of Saint John of Jerusalem, son of a treasurer of France, he directs the king's ships but also serves the cause of English royalists in 1651. Arriving at the island of St Kitts in 1652 on a frigate of 22 guns, he heard with his superior, the commander of Poincy, to use the Turtle Island on the ProtestantLevasseur.It died, it happens with M. Tréval, nephew Poincy, and quickly recognized by the inhabitants of the island after the killers pardoned his predecessor. Governor of the island, it promotes race against the Spaniards by providing commissions at all.

According to Dutertre, "his inclination was just to equip ships to go to war in Santo Domingo, and on the coast Cartagena, where he took everything out or wanted to enter the harbors of sorts that trade was entirely stopped there. " Spaniards react and seized the island in 1654. His younger brother Thomas who was taken hostage in Santo Domingo, Knight moved to Port Margot where he tried unsuccessfully to take the turtle with the help of buccaneers before returning to France. He brings with him his private fortune which includes at least a few slaves. During his government, Timoleon Hotman probably aware of the feat achieved 80 years earlier by Drake in the Pacific.

The wars in Europe

 

He is knowledgeable about the Spanish colonies thanks to the pirates but also the flow of migrants and Dutch Jews began to leave Brazil. After the fall of the island of Turtle, I guess he kept his relationships as his attack does not take place at any moment.

Turtle Island

Since 1655, Spain and England were at war, which has a serious impact on colonial trade. Convoys of silver and gold can not regularly in Spain and colonial goods pile up. Demand for European products is enormous: the Dutch are aware of this and obtain authorizations for trade.

 

The Chevalier de Fontenay carefully prepared his expedition with three ships and frigates Gaspard Fame (more than 20 guns each) and flute The Meautrice; all with 200 or 300 sailors, soldiers and volunteers. Shipping by end 1657, at an unknown date. The crossing was uneventful. We capture an abandoned by its crew Flemish ship, and meets another, Malouin, more than 1000 tons, Captain La Gardelle

Stopovers in the Portuguese colony of Cape Verde and Brazil allow find refreshments and a road the Argentinean coast, but several crew members took the opportunity to desert or settle down. On January 6, 1658, we arrive at BuenosAiresfleet moved to the entrance of the La Plata River on an island. In the port of Buenos Aires, then there are 20-22 Dutch ships and twoEnglish.Fontenay plans to loot the city, but the operation goes wrong. When boarding troops, boats capsize and the driver, an English sailor freshly captured, is wrong.

Ile St-Maurice Hotel Saint Geran

The troupe arrives in a mire and back to the ship. Fontenay is not dissatisfied with this failure, because its purpose is to cross the Strait ofMagellan.He informs his lieutenants at a council of war following the failure. Fontenay prepares his refueling sending teams to hunt down and bring every possible fruit. But this trip is not to everyone's taste: Daniel, the captain of the Meautrice, opposes Fontenay and is played by abandoning him to return to France.

 

Drilling will follow the example of Captain Daniel, but his scheme is pernicious. He informed his crew Fontenay ruminate, we're going to mutiny. Fontenay offers him to send men of confidence against the mutineers. Said drilling should not go so fast, but that if he feels the situation worse, this plan will apply. Fontenay will be informed when he and Forant to greet the morning and evening if Forant said that the weather is good, it means that all is well; if it is "bad weather", then Fontenay understood that the crew will rebel. The scheme lasts a week but one morning the ship Forant disappears.

 

Following this second desertion, Fontenay continue the journey alone. After a few mistakes, it happens to the Strait of Magellan but time and feel it is difficult to perform his single operation, prompted him to turn back. The return is performed in atrocious conditions: headwinds, rough seasPlata..

Strait of Magellan

Fontenay Forant found in theRio de laIt justifies its abandonment alleging to have been kidnapped by his crew, but it seems that he actually opposed them very little resistance. He then perhaps as another project to seize ships in the river. Fontenay is of the same opinion: return without jeopardizing armaments in which the knight has no doubt interestslanding.

But the Spanish governor was informed of the presence of Fontenay and having been released prisoners after the attempted  erected defenses. For three weeks, the French spend their time cooling off in anticipation of the release of a ship. This happened one morning, three Dutch ships leave the port. Fontenay does not hesitate to engage in combat against the most powerful of the three, tonnage 1400 tons. But it is not supported by Forant who do not even attack the other two Dutch five to six hundred tons eachrages.

The battle  Were heavy losses on the French side because the Dutch have installed four small cannon loaded with shot in the poop. The Chevalier de Fontenay and dies hit by a bullet, but the Dutch ship is taken. Y arrival, Forant notes the death of his head and declares that all those who want to go just have to follow. A number of soldiers and sailors jump on his ship, abandoning their comrades who are outnumbered in the face of the Dutch tall ship, but also against the other two, who seeing from Forant, back support their admiral.

Continued on paper 10